EPOXY GROUTS VS. INJECTION MORTARS? WE TALK ABOUT CODE COMPLIANCE
The importance of having a regulatory framework for qualifications, design and installation of post-installed concrete connections
Introduction
The need for connecting elements cast at different times in reinforced concrete (r. c.) structures frequently arises out of unplannedsituations where dowel/starter cast-in reinforcing bars (rebars) or couplers were missed out. However, the need can also be in planned construction activities to optimize and speed up the workflow. Moreover, the requirement for such connections is of high relevance in strengthening/retrofitting of building and civil structures.
In such situations, there aren’t many alternatives to the use of injection mortar or grout to establish post-installed rebar connections. They serve the function of anchoring, a connecting rebar to a previously cast r. c. member. Injection mortars are used in structural applications where the design load needs to be transferred safely.
At first sight, injection mortar or grout might look like similar technologies – still talking about chemical products surrounding a rebar, installed in a drilled hole in concrete, isn’t it? However, these two technologies are far from being similar for several reasons.
You may benchmark and compare the two technologies from different points of view, such as qualification and code suitability, safety, productivity and reliability. Spoiler alert: Injection mortar outperforms grouts in every aspect to establish concrete-to-concrete connections to strengthen or extend existing structures. Key roles are played by the appropriate design methods and selection of injection mortar.
Let’s deep dive into the comparison based on the regulatory framework for now.
Basic difference between injection mortars and grouts
Before we start, it makes sense to clarify a few points. Talking about grouts, we are referring to pre-dosed bi-components products that need to be mixed (manually or using a machine) by an operator. The two components are usually contained in cans and after mixing, the grout is poured into the hole/gap using the "dip-and-stick" technique. Grouts are generally used to fill gaps or joints between non-structural elements such as brick or stone masonry units, tiles, etc. (See Fig. 1a and 1b).
Talking about injection mortar systems, we refer again to bi-component products (Resin and Hardener) in pre-dosed cartridges (such as Hilti HIT-RE 500, HIT-HY 200 R, HIT-RE 100, HIT-HY 170, HIT-FP 700 R,. The mixing is carried out by a mixer that is a part of the dispenser that then discards the dosage of the injection mortar into the borehole by the required number of triggers (by an operator) as per the product’s IFU (Instructions For Use). An automatic dispenser can also be smartly used to inject accurate dosage of adhesive blend into the borehole that leads to reduced wastage, better productivity and easy handling (See Fig. 2).
Note: Injection of adhesive mortars in long boreholes with minimal air voids is done using the help of piston plug and extension hose attached to dispensers (See Fig. 2a & 2b) that helps ensuring that load-carrying capacity is not compromised.
Fig.1: An example of a) manual mixing and b) dip-and-stick installation of a bi-component grout system
Fig. 2: a) Schematic view of working mechanism of piston plug and b) automatic dispenser for accurate dosage of injection mortar with help of piston-plug & an extension hose
An automatic dispenser is usually paired along with a volume calculator to manually pre-set the calculated required dosage of the injection mortar which then is injected into the borehole at the pull of a trigger in a single go (See Fig. 3)
Fig.3: Example of automatic smart dispenser which mixes and doses accurately (using Volume Calculator) of the required injection mortar
The key differences between Injection mortar and grout are summarized in the table below:
Table1: Primary differences between Injection Mortar and Grouts
Factor | Injection mortar | Grout |
|---|---|---|
Purpose | Establishing structural connections by anchoring/bonding steel element to concrete | Filling gaps/joints in masonry, tiles and filling non-structural cracks in concrete |
Result | Safe structural connections as per design loads | Sealing the joints and finishing for aesthetics and moisture-protection |
Design method | Available such as EN 1992-1-1, EOTA (European Organisation for Technical Assessment) Technical Reports) | No design method as per regulatory framework for post-installed structural connections |
Qualification | Assessments (EOTA Technical Assessment bodies (TAB)) are available for injection mortars used in post-installed structural connections designed as per state-of-the-art standards and guideline | No link between assessment and design standards or guidelines relevant for post-installed structural connections |
Approvals | European Technical Assessments (ETAs) | CE-Marking according to EN 1504-6 |
Installation | A manual/automatic dispenser to inject accurate dosage (using volume calculation)- less wastage | ‘Dip-and-stick’ technique using hand or a trowel – more wastage |